Forest Nursery
The place where forest sapling are produced, cultured and maintained till planting is known as forest nursery. The major objectives of producing sapling or seedling in the nursery are the following:
1. Doing cultural operations easily.
2. Raising seedling according to the requirement of planting.
3. Producing good quality healthy seedling of expected or selected species or varieties.
4. Ensuring production and supply of seedling of different varieties and at different ages as per requirement.
5. Gaining advantages through reducing cost of production, distribution and marketing.
6. Growing seedlings under unfavorable environment.
There are seeds which are to be sown within 1-2 days after harvest from the trees. These type of seed can not be stored. So, it is required to sow this seeds in the nursery and may be planted suitably later on. Besides saplings are also produced from plant parts like stem and root in the nursery scientifically.
1. Selection of site
2. Measurement of the land area
3. Land development and making boundary protection
4. Nursery design and layout.
Selection of site is of prime importance while establishing nursery. The nursery will be an economically loosing concern if inappropriate site is selected for the purpose.
So, the following points must be considered while selecting a site for a nursery:
1. The land should be such that rain water do not stand and flood water can not reach.
2. Drainage system of the land is perfect.
3. The area is open to sufficient air and sun light.
4. Communication system is good for the transport of seedling and nursery materials.
5. Water is available for irrigation or irrigation system can be developed easily.
6. The soil is of loam texture and fertile.
The land selected for nursery should be cleaned and to be kept always weed free. Large stumps of trees or rocks if present should be removed from the area. Land should be leveled. Earth filling may be made if necessary. However, terracing may be done in case of establishing nursery in the hilly areas. Protection boundary should be given around the nursery. Such protection may be given by bamboo, brick wall, barbed wire fences or iron wire net. Live hedge can also be established by growing Kata Mehedi plant putting thickly in line.
Seedling may be produced in nurseries mainly in two methods. These are -
1. Production of seedling directly in soil or bed.
2. Production of seedling in polybag or pot.
The selected land should be spaded at a depth of 15-20 cm for production of seedling directly in the soil or bed. The grasses, weeds, stumps, pebbles, etc. should be cleared off from the soil bed. Some loamy soils may be collected from another place and should be mixed with bed soil if the texture of the soil seems to be clay type.
200 kg or Cow dung
The surface of the seed bed should be levelled. The size and shape of the beds may be according to the nature of land available for the purpose.
The bed should be raised 10-15 cm above ground by putting soil on it from the space in between two beds. The space between the beds will thus turned to be a channel for draining excess water. If the soils of the channel is not sufficient to raise the seed bed, then some soils may be collected from other places.
The side drain of a seed bed should be connected with the middle drains. The side of the seed bed should be bounded thin bamboo sticks of 35- 40 cm length should be put at the side of the bed. Then bamboo ribs may be bound with the sticks at the height of 10-15 cm in a crosswise pattern. The side of seedbed can also be bounded by wooden plunk or bricks.
Producing seedling in pots and poly bag, ploughing the soil, of bed is not necessary. The bed should raised 10-15 cm above ground putting soils from the space in between two beds. The side of the bed are bounded by bamboo or bricks as available.
The materials needed for seedling production in the nursery mostly include polybag, seed, soil, fertilizers and inputs needed for preparation of seedbed and intercultural operations. Inputs needed for seed bed preparation and cultural practices include spade, sickle, dao, khurpi, water can, bricks, bamboo, wood plunks, basket, rope, and sprayer machines for applying plant protection chemicals.
The characteristics of the good seed plant are :
1. The plant should be vigorous and strong
2. The plant should be of middle age
3. The plant should have a wider canopy with branches and sub-branches.
4. The plant should be free from disease, devoid of any canker symptom and should have sufficient foliage.
A seed plant having the characteristics as mentioned above is called 'Mother plant' or Model Seed plant. Disease free ripened seeds should be collected from such model seed plants for producing seedling in the nursery. The collected seeds may be fully sun dried and stored. The seeds, which cannot be stored for a long time, should be planted as soon as possible after harvest.
The seeds of fleshy fruits such as mango, black berry, jack fruit, hog plum, papaya etc. should be collected from ripened fruits. Then the seeds should be planted considering its germination periods. The seeds having shorter germination period should be planted immediately after collection. The examples of such types of plants are Shal, Garjan, Telsur, Bamboo, Chapalish and Jackfruit. The storing of collected seeds till planting is known as seed storage or preservation. Seeds are damaged if these are not rightly stored because of infestation by insect pests and diseases. The seeds also loose its germination capacity. The seeds of Shishu, Mehgoni, Babla, Date palm may be stored in gunny bag after drying and winnowing. But the seeds of Guava, Koroi, Krishna Chura, and other small seeds should be kept in air-tight pots or fully closed bags. Insecticides and fungicides should be used in the seeds when it is needed to store the seeds for a longer period. A name tag having name of the seed, place of collection, name of the collector and date should be kept in each pot or bag.
Poly Bag (Made of govt. approved thick polythene) The usual size of polybags used in the nursery are of the following sizes:
15 cm x 10 cm (6 inches x 4 inches)
25 cm x 15 cm (10 inches x 6 inches)
Every polybag have one end open and the other end tightly closed. Small holes numbering 8-10 should be mad in the lower part of the polybags of all sizes. Excess water if any within the polybag will come out through the holes.
Soils are required to be disinfected through treatment in many cases, specially when soils are used in germination trays. Soil treatment protects the tiny seedling from diseases. Soil treatment may be done in two ways, such as heat treatment or chemical treatment. Chemical like formalin may be used for soil treatment.
Polybag with holes should be filled in with the soil. The polybag should be in good condition. The polybag should hold by left hand and soil should be put in the polybag slowly by the right hand. The soil within the polybag should be slightly compacted by giving pressure with the help of hand or a round end bamboo peg. Then the polybag should be shaken for 2-3 times holding the upper side of the polybag by hand. Some quantity of soil should be given again and thus the polybag will be completely filled in by soil and ready for seed sowing. The seedling become weak and curved if the polybag is not filled completely with soil-fertilizer mixture.
Comparatively larger seeds can be held by hand. Usually 2 seeds per polybag are sow directly. The examples of the types of seeds are Koroi, Raintree. Mehgoni, Shal, Garjan and Debdaru, etc. If seed of any polybag do not germinate then seedling from another polybag having two strong seedling rnay transferred to the empty polybag. For transplanting in the polybag seedlings may be produced in a separate germination bed or geranination tray. Seeds are usually broadcasted in the germination beds or trays.
Seeds of many plants are directly sown in soil bed. For this purpose at first the bed is to be prepared by ploughing and mixing fertilizer with it. Broadcasting sown seeds over the soil. Seeds may also be sown in line. It is always better to sow seeds in line. The seed to seed distance in a line should be 5 cm for short duration seedlings and 10 cm long term duration. Sowing seed in dual line is also good. The distance between one dual line to another will be 20 cm. In this way 4 dual lines may be accommodated in a single seed bed.
Seedling may be produced from the vegetative part, such as branch, tuber, leaf and root of many tree species. This is known as vegetative propagation. Grafts, cutting, trench, layering, eye budding, air layering etc. are main examples of vegetative propagation. Vegetative propagation methods are followed in case of plants like mango, litchi, sapota, pomegranate, plum, lemon etc. Branches or cutting are used for multiplication of Sajna, Mandar, Simul and Jiga plants while planting in the homestead area. The under ground tubers or stumps are used for cultivation of bamboo and cane in rural areas of Bangladesh from ancient times. However, this method is costly and sometimes production of sufficient number of propagates is not possible. Presently methods of producing bamboo from twigs have been developed through research and are being adopted in Bangladesh cost effectively and successfully. Pati pata is now cultivated using its stumps.
Appropriate care should be taken after sowing seeds or transplanting seedlings in seed bed or polybag. Expected number of healthy and strong seedlings can not be obtained without doing appropriate cultural practices. Cultural practices usually required to be done in a nursery are mentioned below:
1. Giving shade
2. Mulching
3. Irrigation
4. Clearing weeds
5. Thinning
6. Fertilizer application
7. Pruning of roots
8. Classification or grading of seedlings
9. Control of pests and diseases
10. Hardening of seedlings
Seed bed shades are generally prepared by strow, sun grass, bamboo chips and thatches. The height of the shade may be about I metre from the soil level. The shade may be placed or attached with structured frames made of bamboo, wood or iron. If the bed is longer in the east west direction, then the shade should have mild slope in the south direction.
1. Doing cultural operations easily.
2. Raising seedling according to the requirement of planting.
3. Producing good quality healthy seedling of expected or selected species or varieties.
4. Ensuring production and supply of seedling of different varieties and at different ages as per requirement.
5. Gaining advantages through reducing cost of production, distribution and marketing.
6. Growing seedlings under unfavorable environment.
There are seeds which are to be sown within 1-2 days after harvest from the trees. These type of seed can not be stored. So, it is required to sow this seeds in the nursery and may be planted suitably later on. Besides saplings are also produced from plant parts like stem and root in the nursery scientifically.
Nursery Planning
Nursery is essentially required for producing seedling. A good plan is required for establishing a nursery. The important points to be considered while establishing a nursery are mentioned below:1. Selection of site
2. Measurement of the land area
3. Land development and making boundary protection
4. Nursery design and layout.
1. Selection of Site
Selection of site is of prime importance while establishing nursery. The nursery will be an economically loosing concern if inappropriate site is selected for the purpose.So, the following points must be considered while selecting a site for a nursery:
1. The land should be such that rain water do not stand and flood water can not reach.
2. Drainage system of the land is perfect.
3. The area is open to sufficient air and sun light.
4. Communication system is good for the transport of seedling and nursery materials.
5. Water is available for irrigation or irrigation system can be developed easily.
6. The soil is of loam texture and fertile.
2. Determining the Land Area.
The total land area required for a nursery depends on the types and number of seedling to be produced per year. Polybag made of polythene approved by the Government of Bangladesh mentioning required thickness, composition and colour (mostly black). About an equal area of land required for seedling production is needed in making roads and drains in the nursery. Housing and physical structures need about 10 percent total nursery area.
3. Land Development and Protection Boundary
The land selected for nursery should be cleaned and to be kept always weed free. Large stumps of trees or rocks if present should be removed from the area. Land should be leveled. Earth filling may be made if necessary. However, terracing may be done in case of establishing nursery in the hilly areas. Protection boundary should be given around the nursery. Such protection may be given by bamboo, brick wall, barbed wire fences or iron wire net. Live hedge can also be established by growing Kata Mehedi plant putting thickly in line.4. Layout Design Plan
The most important work of establishing nursery is fts planning and layout design. The layout design mostly consists of size, shapes and sites of nursery beds, roads, drains, housing and physical facilities. The site for growing various types of seedling should be mentioned in design plan. The whole nursery may be divided into several blocks according to the nature and types of seedling planned to be produced, nursery should also have some specific place for doing day to day miscellaneous works. The usual size of a nursery bed measure 12 metre x1.2 metres. However, the measurements may slightly very according to the size and shape of the selected place within the nursery. A space of measuring 45-50 cm may be kept free in between two nursery beds. The width of main and lateral inspection roads should be 3-4 metre and 1-2 metre respectively. The nursery should have one main channel for draining out of excess water. The lateral drains will be connected with the main channel. The lateral drains may be prepared at the side of the inspection roads. Ponds, earthen wells, tubewells should be prepared or dug a channels may be made for supplying irrigation in the nursery. A general layout plan of a nursery is given here.
Methods of Producing Seedling
Seedling may be produced in nurseries mainly in two methods. These are -1. Production of seedling directly in soil or bed.
2. Production of seedling in polybag or pot.
Preparation of Bed for Producing Seedlings
The selected land should be spaded at a depth of 15-20 cm for production of seedling directly in the soil or bed. The grasses, weeds, stumps, pebbles, etc. should be cleared off from the soil bed. Some loamy soils may be collected from another place and should be mixed with bed soil if the texture of the soil seems to be clay type.
Compost:
200 kg or Cow dungFertilizer:
1300 gram. At the ratio of Urea : TSP : MP : 6 : 2:4The surface of the seed bed should be levelled. The size and shape of the beds may be according to the nature of land available for the purpose.
The bed should be raised 10-15 cm above ground by putting soil on it from the space in between two beds. The space between the beds will thus turned to be a channel for draining excess water. If the soils of the channel is not sufficient to raise the seed bed, then some soils may be collected from other places.
The side drain of a seed bed should be connected with the middle drains. The side of the seed bed should be bounded thin bamboo sticks of 35- 40 cm length should be put at the side of the bed. Then bamboo ribs may be bound with the sticks at the height of 10-15 cm in a crosswise pattern. The side of seedbed can also be bounded by wooden plunk or bricks.
Preparation of Bed in Polybag for Producing Seedlings
Producing seedling in pots and poly bag, ploughing the soil, of bed is not necessary. The bed should raised 10-15 cm above ground putting soils from the space in between two beds. The side of the bed are bounded by bamboo or bricks as available.
Materials of Seedling Production in Nursery
The materials needed for seedling production in the nursery mostly include polybag, seed, soil, fertilizers and inputs needed for preparation of seedbed and intercultural operations. Inputs needed for seed bed preparation and cultural practices include spade, sickle, dao, khurpi, water can, bricks, bamboo, wood plunks, basket, rope, and sprayer machines for applying plant protection chemicals.Seeds and Seed Tree
Good seeds are essentially required for raising quality seedlings in the nursery. Good seed plants are needed to produce good quality seeds. So, it is important to know the characteristics of the good seed plant for collecting good seeds.The characteristics of the good seed plant are :
1. The plant should be vigorous and strong
2. The plant should be of middle age
3. The plant should have a wider canopy with branches and sub-branches.
4. The plant should be free from disease, devoid of any canker symptom and should have sufficient foliage.
A seed plant having the characteristics as mentioned above is called 'Mother plant' or Model Seed plant. Disease free ripened seeds should be collected from such model seed plants for producing seedling in the nursery. The collected seeds may be fully sun dried and stored. The seeds, which cannot be stored for a long time, should be planted as soon as possible after harvest.
Seed Collection and Storage
The seeds of fleshy fruits such as mango, black berry, jack fruit, hog plum, papaya etc. should be collected from ripened fruits. Then the seeds should be planted considering its germination periods. The seeds having shorter germination period should be planted immediately after collection. The examples of such types of plants are Shal, Garjan, Telsur, Bamboo, Chapalish and Jackfruit. The storing of collected seeds till planting is known as seed storage or preservation. Seeds are damaged if these are not rightly stored because of infestation by insect pests and diseases. The seeds also loose its germination capacity. The seeds of Shishu, Mehgoni, Babla, Date palm may be stored in gunny bag after drying and winnowing. But the seeds of Guava, Koroi, Krishna Chura, and other small seeds should be kept in air-tight pots or fully closed bags. Insecticides and fungicides should be used in the seeds when it is needed to store the seeds for a longer period. A name tag having name of the seed, place of collection, name of the collector and date should be kept in each pot or bag.
PolyBag
Poly Bag (Made of govt. approved thick polythene) The usual size of polybags used in the nursery are of the following sizes:15 cm x 10 cm (6 inches x 4 inches)
25 cm x 15 cm (10 inches x 6 inches)
Every polybag have one end open and the other end tightly closed. Small holes numbering 8-10 should be mad in the lower part of the polybags of all sizes. Excess water if any within the polybag will come out through the holes.
Soil
Sandy loam and loam soils are good for nursery. Sandy loam soil is good for filling in polybag. Generally surface soils of the forests are good for producing seedling in polybag. Forest soils contain decomposed litre on its surface and then these are fertilizer soils. A forest soils are not available, soils may be collected from bushes.
Soil Treatment
Soils are required to be disinfected through treatment in many cases, specially when soils are used in germination trays. Soil treatment protects the tiny seedling from diseases. Soil treatment may be done in two ways, such as heat treatment or chemical treatment. Chemical like formalin may be used for soil treatment.Preparation of Soil
The collected soil and composts may be mixed for filling polybag in the ratio 3:1 Triple Super Phosphate (T.S.P) and Muriate of Potash (M.P) should be applied in the mixture in the ratio of 2:1. The dozes of these fertilizer may be determined as per fertility of the soil. This soil-fertilizer mixture should be kept for 15 days under shade or may be covered by polythene sheet. Then the soil should be crushed and sieved for making it suitable for filling in polybags.
Filling in Polybags with Soil
Polybag with holes should be filled in with the soil. The polybag should be in good condition. The polybag should hold by left hand and soil should be put in the polybag slowly by the right hand. The soil within the polybag should be slightly compacted by giving pressure with the help of hand or a round end bamboo peg. Then the polybag should be shaken for 2-3 times holding the upper side of the polybag by hand. Some quantity of soil should be given again and thus the polybag will be completely filled in by soil and ready for seed sowing. The seedling become weak and curved if the polybag is not filled completely with soil-fertilizer mixture.Setting the Polybag in the Bed
The polybags are to be set and arranged in a bed after filling it with soil. Before placing the polybag, the bed should be compacted and leveled by hammering. Then the polybag should be placed keeping it straight. The polybag setting should be started from one side. The bags should be arranged very closely. Care should be taken so that the polybags always stands up right. The loosely held polybags produce weak and curved seedlings.
Seed Sowing and Transplanting in Polybags
Comparatively larger seeds can be held by hand. Usually 2 seeds per polybag are sow directly. The examples of the types of seeds are Koroi, Raintree. Mehgoni, Shal, Garjan and Debdaru, etc. If seed of any polybag do not germinate then seedling from another polybag having two strong seedling rnay transferred to the empty polybag. For transplanting in the polybag seedlings may be produced in a separate germination bed or geranination tray. Seeds are usually broadcasted in the germination beds or trays.Sowing Seeds in Germination Bed or Tray
If the seeds are too small then seedling are produced in germination bed or germination trays. The trays should have few small holes at the bottom. At first a piece of cloth or a polythene sheet with holes or 2 to 3 fold newspapers should be placed at the bottom of the germination tray. Some broken bricks or pebble should be given on it. Then the germination tray should be filled with treated soil mixture. Then tray with the soil should be kept on a pot filled with pure water so that the soil can absorb water through the holes and gets fully moistured. Then the seeds mixed with double quantity of ash should be uniformly and thinly sown on the surface. Some water may also be sprayed carefully on the surface of seed bed or tray if needed. If the soil clods are comparatively larger, then it should be finely ground before sowing small seeds. Then the seedling is plant in polybag. Seedling germinated in trays having two parts of leaves may be carefully transplanted in the polybag. Before uprooting, the soils of the germination tray should be moistened. Before transplanting the soils of polybag should also be moistened.
Production of Seedling Directly in Soil or Bed
Seeds of many plants are directly sown in soil bed. For this purpose at first the bed is to be prepared by ploughing and mixing fertilizer with it. Broadcasting sown seeds over the soil. Seeds may also be sown in line. It is always better to sow seeds in line. The seed to seed distance in a line should be 5 cm for short duration seedlings and 10 cm long term duration. Sowing seed in dual line is also good. The distance between one dual line to another will be 20 cm. In this way 4 dual lines may be accommodated in a single seed bed.
Production of Grafts
Seedling may be produced from the vegetative part, such as branch, tuber, leaf and root of many tree species. This is known as vegetative propagation. Grafts, cutting, trench, layering, eye budding, air layering etc. are main examples of vegetative propagation. Vegetative propagation methods are followed in case of plants like mango, litchi, sapota, pomegranate, plum, lemon etc. Branches or cutting are used for multiplication of Sajna, Mandar, Simul and Jiga plants while planting in the homestead area. The under ground tubers or stumps are used for cultivation of bamboo and cane in rural areas of Bangladesh from ancient times. However, this method is costly and sometimes production of sufficient number of propagates is not possible. Presently methods of producing bamboo from twigs have been developed through research and are being adopted in Bangladesh cost effectively and successfully. Pati pata is now cultivated using its stumps.
After Care and Control of Diseases
Appropriate care should be taken after sowing seeds or transplanting seedlings in seed bed or polybag. Expected number of healthy and strong seedlings can not be obtained without doing appropriate cultural practices. Cultural practices usually required to be done in a nursery are mentioned below:1. Giving shade
2. Mulching
3. Irrigation
4. Clearing weeds
5. Thinning
6. Fertilizer application
7. Pruning of roots
8. Classification or grading of seedlings
9. Control of pests and diseases
10. Hardening of seedlings
Giving Shade
The seedlings of many tree species after germination can not tolerate direct sun. Shade or cover protects the tiny seedlings just after germination from the direct sun and heat. It also helps in conservation of soil moisture. Usually shade or cover are not required for Shegun and Gamar tree seedlings.Seed bed shades are generally prepared by strow, sun grass, bamboo chips and thatches. The height of the shade may be about I metre from the soil level. The shade may be placed or attached with structured frames made of bamboo, wood or iron. If the bed is longer in the east west direction, then the shade should have mild slope in the south direction.
Mulching
Mulching may be termed as the activity of covering the seedbed by waste materials, half decomposed compost, straw, sun grass, leaves etc. Mulching helps in conservation of soil moisture. It preserves the temperature of the soil. Mulching may successfully be used in the seedlings of Coconut, Betel nut, Flog plum and Mehgoni. Mulching increases the rate of germination of seedlings and reduces the irrigation requirement.Irrigation
Irrigation should regularly be given in the polybag after seed sowing and transplanting. At the preliminary stage, light irrigation should be given just enough to wet soil. Irrigation enhances the germination process. But excess irrigation may create water logging causing rottening of the seeds. No irrigation is required in the rainy season, if rainfall occurs regularly. Irrigation should be given in the morning and evening time.
Weed Control
Care should be taken so that no weed can grow in the nursery bed or polybag. Weeds compete with the seedling for water and nutrients. Thus it hampers production of strong and vigorous seedlings. Moreover it increases the possibility of disease infestation. So nursery should always be kept free from weeds. It is better to control weeds at the early growth stage. Some irrigation may be given in the nursery bed if the bed is too dry while weeding.
Thinning and Secondary Transplanting of Seeds
Each polybag should not contain more than one seedling. More seedlings in one polybag retards the growth of the seedlings. So keeping one healthy seedling all should be removed from the polybags. The soil of the polybag may be moistened before uprooting the seedlings. If the seedbed is densely populated then the weak seedlings, should be weeded keeping only the strong and vigorous seedlings. If there is any thinly populated spot in the seedbed; then gap filling should be done collecting seedlings from other places. The seedbed should also be moistened before uprooting seedling in such cases. It is better to peform the uprooting and transplantation of seedling in the evening or in cloudy weather.
Application of Fertilizers
Required quantity of fertilizers must be applied in the nursery for its growth along with usual weeding and irrigation. It keeps the seedling stout, accelerate growth rate and reduces attack of insect pest and diseases. Each 12 metre x 1 metre seed bed, 15 - 20 kg dried and crust cow dung or compost, Urea 220gm, TSP 120 gm, MP 160 gm mixed with 20 litre water and then sprayed by a water can, Light irrigation may be given after application of the fertilizesrs.
Pruning of Seedling Roots and Grading of Seedling
The roots coming out from the polybag should be pruned by sickles. After pruning of the roots seedlings should he arranged in line according to height or size. If unpruned the large seedlings will enter into the soil causing problem while uprooting.
Hardening Seedlings
Seedling grows in seedbed under most favourable environment. So seedlings die if those fail to adapt in new environment after transplantation. Normal growth of the seedlings may be hindered. So measures should be taken from one month before transplantation, to harden the seedling so as to make it stress tolerant. This is know as hardening of seedling. The seedling may be hardened, by performing the following intercultural operations.
1. The polybag should be kept in shade for 4-5days after transfer.
2. The shade given over the seedlings should be gradually removed so that seedling age exposed to sunlight gradually
3. Seedlings should be arranged in the seedbed according to their height.
4. The roots growing out of the polybag should be pruned.
Control of Pests
The fungal diseases of the seeding may be controlled in two ways. These are the part of disease protection. Root and stem rot is a common fungal disease of forest tree seedlings. Many seedlings die within one or two month after seed germination due to rottening at the base of the seedling. Seedlings of Euaclyptus, Mahogoni, Koroi, Garjan, Shegun, etc. controlling are morally attacked by this fungal disease. The preventive measures of conrolling this disease are treat the soil and seed. The remedial measures when the seedling are infested include application of fungicides. Teh active and important fungicides are Cupravit, Dithane M-45 and Bordeaux mixture.
Harmful insects frequently attack the seedlings in the nursery. Insects attack the twigs and young leaves of the seedling at the primary stage. If the intestation is low then the infested leaves or the seedlings may he uprooted and buried in the soil. But if the infestation is high then insecticides should be sprayed. Usually Diazinon 50 EC, Nogos 100 EC, Dieldrin 40 Sumithion 50 EC and Heptachlor 40 are used in controlling nursery insects.
Transport of Seedlings.
The tree seedlings should carefully be transported from the nursery to the field. If the stem and leaves of the seedlings are damaged or dehydrated they mostly die after transplantation in the land. So the seedlings should be transported to the field carefully and rapidly after taking it from the nursery. Carrying of polybag seedlings are more advantageous. However, sometimes open seedlings with a lump of soil at the base and roots are also transported. Transportation of this type of non-polybag open seedlings should be done, only for a short distance:
0 Comments